Representative Garret Graves of Louisiana, whom the speaker appointed to lead negotiations on the debt limit, walked out of the bipartisan talks and said that Mr. Biden’s team was not willing to “have reasonable conversations about how you can actually move forward.”

“We’ve got to get movement by the White House, and we don’t have any movement,” Mr. McCarthy told reporters at the Capitol not long afterward. “We’ve got to pause.”

He hinted that a major sticking point was over how to cap federal spending. House Republicans passed a debt limit bill last month that would raise the nation’s borrowing limit into next year in exchange for freezing spending at last year’s levels for a decade.

“We can’t be spending more money; we have to spend less than we spent the year before,” Mr. McCarthy said.

A White House official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to discuss private negotiations, said that administration officials were taking the breakdown in negotiations seriously and acknowledged that there were significant differences between the parties, especially around Mr. McCarthy’s stance on capping federal spending.